3.11+Robotics,+artificial+intelligence+and+expert+systems

 ** Introduction **   The increasing capability of IT systems has allowed developers to implement systems that attempt to understand and imitate human behaviour. These systems have already had profound effects on society, although their effectiveness is largely determined by the accuracy of the algorithms that underpin them.   The increasing use of robotics, artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems raises a range of ethical issues. For example, at which point should humans hand over key decision-making to a computer? Should robots have the same rights as humans? What social impacts might arise with the replacement of human workers or the creation of smart weapons? ** Possible scenario **   A hospital administrator is considering using a computer-controlled robotic device to assist with knee surgery. The robotic system models the patient’s knee area prior to surgery. During the procedure the robot is controlled by the surgeon using a joystick. The system eliminates the effects of tremors in the surgeon’s hands and limits the range of movement of the cutter to areas of the knee that have been predetermined by the model. Although there are claims that the surgery is less invasive and patients have a shorter recovery time, questions may be raised about the reliability and the cost of the system.  ** IT concepts to address in this topic **  **// Robotics //**   • Input devices: for example, camera, sensors, microphones   • Output devices: for example, claws, wheels, motors, relays, speakers   • Robot, android, cyborg  <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Sensors: for example, heat, proximity, magnetism, light, humidity, pH  <span style="line-height: 7.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> **// Artificial intelligence //** <span style="line-height: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Artificial intelligence versus computational intelligence <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 121%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Man or machine: Turing test, CAPTCHA (completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart) <span style="line-height: 4.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 121%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Capabilities and limitations: for example, learning to identify human emotions, evaluation of living things and machines (intuition, prior knowledge, judgment) <span style="line-height: 4.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • AI techniques: searching, pattern recognition, heuristics, machine learning <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Fuzzy logic, set theory <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Machine learning: can machines become independent? <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Natural language communication and translators <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Neural networks: similarity to biological systems <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 121%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Pattern recognition: OCR (optical character recognition), image analysis, speech recognition, speech synthesizers <span style="line-height: 4.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Processing and storage requirements <span style="line-height: 7.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> **// Expert systems //** <span style="line-height: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Collection, creation and maintenance of knowledge base <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 121%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Creation of inference engine, inference rule (“if–then” rules), chaining, suitable domains for expert systems <span style="line-height: 4.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 121%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Expert systems, knowledge base, knowledge engineer, expert system shells, inference engine, domain, common-sense knowledge <span style="line-height: 4.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Purpose of an algorithm within expert systems: for example, fault finding, product development <span style="line-height: 7.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> **// Applications of robotics, artificial intelligence and expert systems //** <span style="line-height: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Embedded systems: for example, cell/mobile phones, GPS, washing machines <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Internet search engines <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Smart systems: for example, used at home or in warfare, medicine, cars <span style="line-height: 7.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 121%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Use of artificial intelligence (AI): for example, language translation, chess, voice recognition, modelling, games, predictive text, business intelligence systems <span style="line-height: 121%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Use of expert systems: for example, medical diagnosis, fault diagnosis, flight simulators, fraud detection <span style="line-height: 4.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 23.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> • Use of robots: for example, in industry, health, warfare, airlines, space, underwater exploration
 * 3.11 Robotics, artificial intelligence and expert systems **