1.1+++Reliability+and+integrity

** Reliability ** refers to the operation of hardware, the design of software, the accuracy of data or the correspondence of data with the real world. Data may be unreliable if it has been entered incorrectly or if it becomes outdated. The reliability of machines, software and data determines our confidence in their value.

** Integrity ** refers to safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of stored data. Data lacks integrity when it has been changed accidentally or tampered with. Examples of data losing integrity are where information is duplicated in a relational database and only one copy is updated or where data entries have been maliciously altered.   Health
 * Strand 1.1 Reliabilty and Integrity ||
 * Date || Article || Comments || Tags ||
 * Nov. 2010 || Technology puts mind over body || 1) Identify the area of impact the scenario relates to.

2) Identify the main stakeholders to the IT system. Patients, Brain Computer Interface, Tridi

3) Identify one ITGS social/ethical concern in the article. Reliability

4) Describe ITGS terminology and systems. BCI- Brain Computer Interface recognizes brain signals and uses them to control electrical or communication devices and can even assist in repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. The technology use sensors to detect brain activity and amplify signals, which can then be processed into messages or commands to aid decision-making.

5) If possible, describe a solution to the concern (issue). The reliability of the IT systems may be a concerned because the IT system may not be able to handle the different kind of disability, because there are many different kinds of disability. Moreover, the current concerns are that the users' lack of strengths. A possible solution for the system is to experiment the system to different people with different needs, so that it can handle different kind of people and their specific needs. A possible solution for the users, is to train them so that they can use the systems for a long time without getting exhausted, because the purpose of the BCI is to be able to use for a long term. || 1.1_reliability_integrity || One of the issues is that Amazon need to reconsider the contracts that cover cloud services such as how much to pay for backup and recovery services, including paying extra for data centers in different locations. The reason for this is because small businesses are less apt to pay for extensive backup and recovery services. The second issue would be many companies are relying too much on remote computers that are beyond their control. So they need to reconsider that also. The technical problem that interrupted computer services provided by Amazon told its customers and users that there may be a reliability problem with Amazon’s service in online computing in the cloud. Companies and businesses operation network now revolves a lot around these remote network systems, so this also affects how companies will reconsider their use of exporting their files and data as opposed to keeping them within the company walls.
 * 4월.11 || Amazon Malfunction Raises Doubts About Cloud Computing - NYTimes.com || 1) Describe the two issues that came up from the technical problems that interrupted computer services provided by Amazon.

2) Why is the cloud model gaining popularity? Because owning a data center is high maintenance and therefore expensive. By using the cloud model, companies are avoiding the costs and headaches of running their own data centers. They just simply tap in, over the Web, to computer processing and storage without owning the actual machines or operating software. Businesses can also save their time by outsourcing to the cloud to save having to keep track of running their own data centers.

3) List the problems that companies reported.  Unable to access data Service interruptions Sites being shut down || 1.1_reliability_integrity 2.1_online_bus 3.4_internet || Issues that are in common with both Amazon and Sony are their reliability and integrity as well as its security. Amazon has just revealed that its Availability Zone in northern Virginia has failed to accommodate customers that were using their services. Sony’s hack incident includes its network protection system to be unreliable. Also the security of Amazon’s customer’s data along with Sony’s online users’ data is at risk, as well as sensitive information linked to bank accounts. Both Sony and Amazon suffer a setback on their online reputation. Both companies have their servers down which affect a lot of their customers using their services. They both revived worries about the safety of storing and processing data over the Internet. The two crises have also raised questions about the speed and quality of information provided by tech companies when confronted with systems failures. This further links to the data integrity. Amazon users have said that some data may be corrupted or loss resulting from their sites crashing. Sony’s users’ accounts data may have been altered by unauthorized people.
 * April 28, 2011 || Corporate computing: Online reputations in the dirt || 1. Explain the issues that are in common with both Amazon and Sony?

2. Explain the reasons that cloud computing will continue to grow? Cloud computing will still continue to grow despite its recent incidents because the benefits users receive outweigh the risks that come with cloud computing. The outage suffered by Amazon has been rare. Also, managing one’s own network is hardly a guarantee of reliability; it costs a lot of money and is high maintenance. Cloud computing provides another alternative that can save costs for businesses. Also, the recent incidents have proven that managing one’s own network is not as reliable as some think considering protection issues and failure/crashes in the network itself.

3. What could have prevented Sony from getting hacked? Sony could have increased its protection system, as well as create random simulations in order to see how their network can handle with the hack attack. Also, Sony should have at least encrypted its users’ sensitive data so it wouldn’t be as easily accessible as it is.

4. Describe: - Rambo architecture – a type of architecture that design different parts of its systems function independently of each other, making it less likely to fail all at once. For example, the bit that recommends videos function on a totally different part from the bit that lets users search for them.

- Chaos monkey – software that randomly simulates failure in cloud-based systems to see how robust they are in preventing failure.

5. Explain the reason that data centers for cloud computing need backups? The reason why data centers for cloud-computing needs backup is because when a cloud-based system crashes and there is a loss of data, there isn’t always a backup available elsewhere. Since a business or user/customer stores their data by cloud computing, that would most likely mean that they don’t have a version of it on their own computer as well. Since cloud-computing is done so that their information can be stored elsewhere besides their computer, which may be lacking of storage. The outage of Amazon’s data center demonstrates that, although the benefits of doing things online still greatly outweigh the risks, they still need backups because they are not invincible. || 1.1 Reliability and integrity, 1.2 Security, 1.3 Privacy, 3.3 Network ||